Python supports three numeric types to represent numbers: integers, float, and complex number. Here you will learn about each number type.
Int
In Python, integers are zero, positive or negative whole numbers without a fractional part and having unlimited precision, e.g. 0, 100, -10. The followings are valid integer literals in Python.
Example: Python Numbers
#integer variablesx = 0print(x)x = 100print(x)x = -10print(x)x = 1234567890print(x)x = 5000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000print(x)Try it
Integers can be binary, octal, and hexadecimal values.
Example: Python Numbers
b = 0b11011000 # binaryprint(b)o = 0o12 # octalprint(o)h = 0x12 # hexadecimalprint(h)Try it
All integer literals or variables are objects of the int class. Use the type() method to get the class name, as shown below.
Example: Python Numbers
print(type(100))x=1234567890print(type(x))y=5000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000print(type(y))Try it
Note: Leading zeros in non-zero integers are not allowed in Python, e.g. 000123 is invalid number and 0000 becomes 0.
x=001234567890 #syntaxError: invalid tokenPython does not allow comma as number delimiter. Use underscore _ as a delimiter instead.
Example: Number Delimiter
x = 1_234_567_890print(x) #output: 1234567890Note that integers must be without a fractional part (decimal point). It it includes a fractional then it becomes a float.
Example: Python Numbers
x=5print(type(x)) #output: <class 'int'>x=5.0print(type(x)) #output: <class 'float'>Try it
The int() function converts a string or float to int.
Example: int() Function
x = int('100')print(x) #output: 100y = int('-10')print(y) #output: -10z = int(5.5)print(z) #output: 5n = int('100', 2)print(n) #output: 4Try it
Binary
A number having 0b with eight digits in the combination of 0 and 1 represent the binary numbers in Python. For example, 0b11011000 is a binary number equivalent to integer 216.
Example: Binary Numbers
x = 0b11011000print(x)x = 0b_1101_1000print(x)print(type(x))Try it
Octal
A number having 0o or 0O as prefix represents an octal number. For example, 0O12 is equivalent to integer 10.
Example: Octal Numbers
x = 0o12print(x)print(type(x))Try it
Hexadecimal
A number with 0x or 0X as prefix represents hexadecimal number. For example, 0x12 is equivalent to integer 18.
Example: Hexadecimal Numbers
x = 0x12print(x)print(type(x))Try it
Float
In Python, floating point numbers (float) are positive and negative real numbers with a fractional part denoted by the decimal symbol . or the scientific notation E or e, e.g. 1234.56, 3.142, -1.55, 0.23.
Example: Float Numbers
f = 1.2print(f) #output: 1.2print(type(f)) #output: <class 'float'>f=123_42.222_013 #output: 12342.222013print(f)f=2e400print(f) #output: infTry it
As you can see, a floating point number can be separated by the underscore _. The maximum size of a float is depend on your system. The float beyond its maximum size referred as inf, Inf, INFINITY, or infinity. For example, a float number 2e400 will be considered as infinity for most systems.
Scientific notation is used as a short representation to express floats having many digits. For example: 345.56789 is represented as 3.4556789e2 or 3.4556789E2
Example: Scienticific Numbers
f = 1e3print(f) #output: 1000.0f = 1e5print(f) #output:100000.0f = 3.4556789e2print(f) #output:print(type(f)) #output:345.56789Try it
Use the float() function to convert string, int to float.
Example: float() Function
f=float('5.5')print(f) #output: 5.5f=float('5')print(f) #output: 5.0f=float(' -5')print(f) #output: -5.0f=float('1e3')print(f) #output: 1000.0f=float('-Infinity')print(f) #output: -inff=float('inf')print(f) #output: infprint(type(f)) #output:<class 'float'>Try it
Complex Numbers
A complex number is a number with real and imaginary components. For example, 5 + 6j is a complex number where 5 is the real component and 6 multiplied by j is an imaginary component.
Example: Complex Numbers
a = 5+2jprint(a)print(type(a))Try it
You must use j or J as imaginary component. Using other character will throw syntax error.
Example: Invalid Complex Numbers
a=5+2ka=5+ja=5i+2jTry it
Arithmetic Operators
The following table list arithmetic operators on integer values:
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| + (Addition) | Adds operands on either side of the operator. | a,b = 10, 20 print(a+b) #30 |
| - (Subtraction) | Subtracts the right-hand operand from the left-hand operand. | a,b = 10, 20 print(a-b) #-10 |
| * (Multiplication) | Multiplies values on either side of the operator. | a,b = 10, 20 print(a*b) #200 |
| / (Division) | Divides the left-hand operand by the right-hand operand. | a,b = 10, 20 print(b/a) #2.0 |
| % (Modulus) | Returns the remainder of the division of the left-hand operand by right-hand operand. | a,b = 10, 22 print(a+b) #2 |
| ** (Exponent) | Calculates the value of the left-operand raised to the right-operand. | a=3 print(a**2) #9 print(a**3) #27 |
| // (Floor Division) | The division of operands where the result is the quotient in which the digits after the decimal point are removed. But if one of the operands is negative, the result is floored, i.e., rounded away from zero (towards negative infinity): | a,b = 9, 2 print(a//b) #4 Try it |
Arithmetic Operations on Complex Numbers
Addition and subtraction of complex numbers is straightforward. Real and imaginary parts are added/subtracted to get the result.
Example: Arithmetic Operation on Complex Numbers
a=6+4jb=3+2jprint("a+2=",a+2)print("a*2=",a*2)print("a/2=",a/2)print("a**2=",a**2)print("a+b=",a+b)print("a-b=",a-b)Try it
As you can see in the above example, the arithmetic operators can also be used with two complex numbers.
The process of multiplying these two complex numbers is very similar to multiplying two binomials. Multiply each term in the first number by each term in the second number.
Example: Multiply Complex Numbers
a=6+4j b=3+2j c=a*b print(c)c=(6+4j)*(3+2j) print(c)c=(18+12j+14j+8*1)print(c)Try it
Numeric Functions
A numeric object of one type can be converted in another type using the following functions:
| Built-in Function | Description |
|---|---|
| int | Returns the integer object from a float or a string containing digits. |
| float | Returns a floating-point number object from a number or string containing digits with decimal point or scientific notation. |
| complex | Returns a complex number with real and imaginary components. |
| hex | Converts a decimal integer into a hexadecimal number with 0x prefix. |
| oct | Converts a decimal integer in an octal representation with 0o prefix. |
| pow | Returns the power of the specified numbers. |
| abs | Returns the absolute value of a number without considering its sign. |
| round | Returns the rounded number. |
